- Introduction
- ">What is BGP?
- Internal and External BGP
- Historical Perspective
- How Does BGP Work?
- Protocol Overview
- AS Consistency
- BGP Route Advertisement
- Route Flap Damping
- BGP Path Selection
- BGP Policies and Traffic Engineering
- BGP Attributes
- BGP Extensions
- Route Reflectors
- As Confederations
- BGP Multi-Protocol Extensions
- BGP-MPLS VPN Support
- Extension for IPv6
- BGP Security
- BGP Testing
- Why test for BGP conformance and interoperability?
- Why test for BGP scalability and performance?
- Ixia's approach to BGP testing
- Conformance testing
- IxANVL™
- Protocol Emulations
- IxExplorer™
- IxScriptMate™
- Conclusion
- Test Plans
- BGP Conformance Test
- BGP Route Capacity Test
- BGP Route Convergence Test
- BGP Dampening Test
- BGP Graceful Restart Test
- Glossary
- Bibliography
- Ackowledgements
Copyright (c) 1998-2004 Ixia. All rights reserved.
The information in this document is furnished for informational use only, is subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Ixia. Ixia assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this document.
Ixia and the Ixia logo are trademarks of Ixia. All other companies, product names, and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Border Gateway Protocol: Conformance and Performance Testing
Introduction
- The relentless evolution of the Internet continues to transform the way individuals, as well as businesses, educational institutions, and government organizations access, share, and communicate information. Convergence of digital voice, video, and data, is further consolidating the Internet as a critical infrastructure. One of the main routing protocols in the Internet and current de facto standard is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Presently ubiquitous, BGP is a critical component of the exponentially growing network of routers that constitutes our contemporary Internet. Carrier networks, as well as most large enterprise organizations with multiple links to one or more service providers use BGP.
The increasing popularity of BGP stems from its broad ability to distribute reachability information by selecting the best route to each destination according to policies specified by network administrators. To manage the complexity of BGP, however, a wide range of services, applications, and hardware must be tested and validated. Indeed, a comprehensive and well-designed conformance and performance testing solution is crucial to successful BGP deployment.
- BGP is a protocol for facilitating communications between routers in different autonomous systems. An autonomous system (AS) is a network or group of networks under a shared technical administration and with common routing policies.
Network traffic in an AS is classified as either local traffic or transit traffic. Local traffic either comes from or terminates in that AS, where either the IP host source address or destination address reside. Any other traffic traversing that AS constitutes "transit traffic." A major goal of BGP usage in the Internet is to reduce transit traffic.
BGP advertises routes as a "promise" to carry data to the address space indicated by the IP prefix of the announced route. Generally, all routes in a BGP routing table outline Internet network connections. When a BGP router advertises to a neighbor that it has a path for reaching a specific IP prefix, the neighbor can be confident that the advertising BGP speaker is actively using that path to reach the target destination. Route advertisements in BGP use the AS-Path attribute to announce current routing to neighbor BGP speakers, which includes a list of all transit ASs that must be used to reach the target network. By carrying path information associated with a given destination between autonomous systems, BGP enables loop-free inter-domain routing.
BGP conveys information about AS-Path topologies and achieves inter-AS routing without constraining the underlying network topology. An intra-AS routing protocol--that is, Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), examples of which are Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), etc.--provides the routing within an autonomous system. In some circumstances, BGP is used to exchange routes within an AS. In those cases, it is called Internal BGP (I-BGP), as opposed to External BGP (E-BGP) when used between ASs.
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